# 导数的四则运算

定理 1: 如果函数 u(x),v(x)u(x), v(x) 在区间 II 可导,则它们的和、差、积、商也可导,并且

[u(x)±v(x)]′=u′(x)±v′(x)[u(x)⋅v(x)]′=u′(x)v(x)+u(x)v′(x)[u(x)v(x)]′=u′(x)v(x)−u(x)v′(x)v2(x)(v(x)≠0)[u(x) \pm v(x)]' = u'(x) \pm v'(x) \\ [u(x) \cdot v(x)]' = u'(x)v(x) + u(x)v'(x) \\ \left[\frac {u(x)} {v(x)}\right]' = \frac {u'(x)v(x) - u(x)v'(x)} {v^2(x)} (v(x) \not = 0)

关于除法运算的证明: 设 f(x)=u(x)v(x),(v(x)≠0)f(x) = \dfrac {u(x)} {v(x)}, (v(x) \not = 0),

f′(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)h=lim⁡h→0u(x+h)v(x+h)−u(x)v(x)h=lim⁡h→0u(x+h)v(x)−u(x)v(x+h)v(x+h)v(x)h=lim⁡h→0[u(x+h)−u(x)]v(x)−u(x)[v(x+h)−v(x)]v(x+h)v(x)h=lim⁡h→0u(x+h)−u(x)h⋅v(x)−u(x)⋅v(x+h)−v(x)hv(x+h)v(x)=u′(x)v(x)−u(x)v′(x)[v(x)]2\begin{aligned} f'(x) &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {f(x + h) - f(x)} {h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {\frac {u(x + h)} {v(x + h)} - \frac {u(x)} {v(x)}} {h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {u(x + h)v(x) - u(x)v(x + h)} {v(x + h)v(x)h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {[u(x + h) - u(x)]v(x) - u(x)[v(x + h) - v(x)]} {v(x + h)v(x)h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac {\frac {u(x + h) - u(x)} {h} \cdot v(x) - u(x) \cdot \frac {v(x + h) - v(x)} {h}} {v(x + h)v(x)} \\ &= \frac {u'(x)v(x) - u(x)v'(x)} {[v(x)]^2} \end{aligned}

# 复合函数的求导法则

定理 2: 设函数 u=g(x)u = g(x) 在点 xx 处可导,而函数 f(u)f(u) 在点 u=g(x)u = g(x) 处可导,则复合函数 y=f[g(x)]y = f[g(x)] 在点 xx 可导,且

dydx=dydu⋅dudx=f′(u)⋅g′(x)\frac {\mathrm{d}y} {\mathrm{d}x} = \frac {\mathrm{d}y} {\mathrm{d}u} \cdot \frac {\mathrm{d}u} {\mathrm{d}x} = f'(u) \cdot g'(x)

链式法则: 因变量对自变量的导数,等于因变量对中间变量的导数,乘以中间变量对自变量的导数。

对数求导法: 常用于多个函数相乘的求导或幂指函数的求导。以幂指函数的求导为例:

f(x)=u(x)v(x)ln⁡f(x)=v(x)ln⁡u(x)(ln⁡f(x))′=(v(x)ln⁡u(x))′1f(x)f′(x)=v′(x)ln⁡u(x)+v(x)⋅1u(x)u′(x)⇒f′(x)=u(x)v(x)[v′(x)⋅ln⁡u(x)+v(x)u′(x)u(x)]\begin{aligned} f(x) &= u(x)^{v(x)} \\ \ln f(x) &= v(x) \ln u(x) \\ (\ln f(x))' &= (v(x) \ln u(x))' \\ \frac 1 {f(x)} f'(x) &= v'(x) \ln u(x) + v(x) \cdot \frac 1 {u(x)} u'(x) \\ \Rightarrow f'(x) &= u(x)^{v(x)}\left[v'(x) \cdot \ln u(x) + \frac {v(x)u'(x)} {u(x)}\right] \end{aligned}

# 反函数的导数

定理 3: 如果函数 x=ϕ(y)x = \phi(y) 在某区间 IyI_y 内单调、可导且 ϕ′(y)≠0\phi'(y) \not = 0,那么它的反函数 y=f(x)y = f(x) 在对应区间 IxI_x 内也可导,且有:

f′(x)=1ϕ′(y)f'(x) = \frac 1 {\phi'(y)}

即 反函数的导数等于原函数导数的倒数。

# 习题

  1. 求下列函数的导函数:

    (1) f(x)=x2cos⁡x−ln⁡xx+3f(x) = \dfrac {x^2 \cos x - \ln x} {\sqrt x + 3}

    (2) f(x)=x2+sec⁡xx−csc⁡xf(x) = \dfrac {x^2 + \sec x} {x - \csc x}

    (1) 解:

    f′(x)=(2xcos⁡x−x2sin⁡x−1x)(x+3)−(x2cos⁡x−ln⁡x)(12x)(x+3)2 \begin{aligned} f'(x) &= \frac {(2x \cos x - x^2 \sin x - \frac 1 x)(\sqrt x + 3) - (x^2 \cos x - \ln x)(\frac 1 {2\sqrt x})} {(\sqrt x + 3)^2} \end{aligned}

    (2) 解:

    f′(x)=(2x+sec⁡xtan⁡x)(x−csc⁡x)−(x2+sec⁡x)(1+csc⁡xcot⁡x)(x−csc⁡x)2 \begin{aligned} f'(x) &= \frac {(2x + \sec x \tan x)(x - \csc x) - (x^2 + \sec x)(1 + \csc x \cot x)} {(x - \csc x)^2} \end{aligned}

  2. 求下列函数的导数:

    (1) f(x)=eaxsin⁡bxf(x) = e^{ax} \sin bx

    (2) f(x)=ln⁡(cos⁡x+sin⁡x)f(x) = \ln (\cos x + \sin x)

    (3) f(x)=ln⁡(x+a2+x2)f(x) = \ln (x + \sqrt {a^2 + x^2})

    (1) 解:

    f′(x)=aeaxsin⁡bx+beaxcos⁡bx \begin{aligned} f'(x) &= ae^{ax} \sin bx + be^{ax} \cos bx \end{aligned}

    (2) 解:

    f′(x)=1cos⁡x+sin⁡x⋅(−sin⁡x+cos⁡x)=cos⁡x−sin⁡xcos⁡x+sin⁡x \begin{aligned} f'(x) &= \frac 1 {\cos x + \sin x} \cdot (-\sin x + \cos x) \\ &= \frac {\cos x - \sin x} {\cos x + \sin x} \end{aligned}

    (3) 解:

    f′(x)=1x+a2+x2⋅(1+12a2+x2⋅2x)=1+xa2+x2x+a2+x2=1a2+x2 \begin{aligned} f'(x) &= \frac 1 {x + \sqrt {a^2 + x^2}} \cdot (1 + \frac 1 {2 \sqrt {a^2 + x^2}} \cdot 2x) \\ &= \frac {1 + \dfrac x {\sqrt {a^2 + x^2}}} {x + \sqrt {a^2 + x^2}} \\ &= \frac 1 {\sqrt {a^2 + x^2}} \end{aligned}

  3. 记 sinh⁡x=ex−e−x2,cosh⁡x=ex+e−x2\sinh x = \dfrac {e^x - e^{-x}} 2, \cosh x = \dfrac {e^x + e^{-x}} 2,分别成为双曲正弦和双曲余弦函数,证明:

    (1) cosh⁡2x−sinh⁡2x=1\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 1

    (2) (sinh⁡x)′=cosh⁡x,(cosh⁡x)′=sinh⁡x(\sinh x)' = \cosh x, (\cosh x)' = \sinh x

    (1) 证明:

    cosh⁡2x−sinh⁡2x=e2x+e−2x+24−e2x+e−2x−24=1 \begin{aligned} \cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x &= \frac {e^{2x} + e^{-2x} + 2} 4 - \frac {e^{2x} + e^{-2x} - 2} 4 = 1 \end{aligned}

    (2) 证明:

    (sinh⁡x)′=(ex−e−x2)′=ex+e−x2=cosh⁡x \begin{aligned} (\sinh x)' &= \left(\frac {e^x - e^{-x}} 2\right)' \\ &= \frac {e^x + e^{-x}} 2 = \cosh x \end{aligned}

    (cosh⁡x)′=(ex+e−x2)′=ex−e−x2=sinh⁡x \begin{aligned} (\cosh x)' &= \left(\frac {e^x + e^{-x}} 2\right)' \\ &= \frac {e^x - e^{-x}} 2 = \sinh x \end{aligned}

  4. 求下列函数的导数:

    (1) f(x)=xx(x>0)f(x) = \sqrt [x] x (x > 0)

    (2) f(x)=(x−x1)(x−x2)⋯(x−xn)f(x) = (x - x_1)(x - x_2) \cdots (x - x_n)

    (1) 解:

    ln⁡f(x)=ln⁡xxf′(x)f(x)=1−ln⁡xx2f′(x)=xx(1−ln⁡x)x2 \begin{aligned} \ln f(x) &= \frac {\ln x} x \\ \frac {f'(x)} {f(x)} &= \frac {1 - \ln x} {x^2} \\ f'(x) &= \frac {\sqrt [x] x (1 - \ln x)} {x^2} \end{aligned}

    (2) 解:当 x≠x1x \not = x_1 且 x≠x2x \not = x_2 且 ⋯\cdots 且 x≠xnx \not = x_n 时,

    ln⁡f(x)=ln⁡(x−x1)+ln⁡(x−x2)+⋯+ln⁡(x−xn)f′(x)f(x)=1x−x1+1x−x2+⋯+1x−xnf′(x)=(x−x1)(x−x2)⋯(x−xn)(1x−x1+1x−x2+⋯+1x−xn) \begin{aligned} \ln f(x) &= \ln (x - x_1) + \ln (x - x_2) + \cdots + \ln (x - x_n) \\ \frac {f'(x)} {f(x)} &= \frac 1 {x - x_1} + \frac 1 {x - x_2} + \cdots + \frac 1 {x - x_n} \\ f'(x) &= (x - x_1)(x - x_2) \cdots (x - x_n) \left (\frac 1 {x - x_1} + \frac 1 {x - x_2} + \cdots + \frac 1 {x - x_n} \right ) \end{aligned}

    当 x=x1x = x_1 时,

    f′(x1)=lim⁡x→x1f(x)−f(x1)x−x1=(x−x2)(x−x3)⋯(x−xn) f'(x_1) = \lim_{x \to x_1} \frac {f(x) - f(x_1)} {x - x_1} = (x - x_2)(x - x_3) \cdots (x - x_n)

    同理可得当 x=x2,x3,⋯ ,xnx = x_2, x_3, \cdots, x_n 时的导数。
    忽略了 x=x1,x2,⋯ ,xnx = x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n 时不能取对数的特殊情况。

  5. 在 μ\mu 满足什么条件下函数 f(x)={∣x∣μsin⁡1x,当 x≠0 时0,当 x=0 时f(x) = \begin{cases} |x|^\mu \sin \dfrac 1 x, & 当 \, x \not = 0 \, 时 \\ 0, & 当 \, x = 0 \, 时 \end{cases},

    (1) 在 x=0x = 0 处连续;

    (2) 在 x=0x = 0 处可导;

    (3) 在 x=0x = 0 处其导函数连续。

    (1) 解:
    ∵\because sin⁡1x\sin \dfrac 1 x 有界,且当 μ>0\mu > 0 时,lim⁡x→0∣x∣μ=0\lim\limits_{x \to 0} |x|^\mu = 0
    ∴\therefore 此时 lim⁡x→0f(x)=0=f(0)\lim\limits_{x \to 0} f(x) = 0 = f(0),函数 f(x)f(x) 在 x=0x = 0 处连续。

    (2) 解:要使 f(x)f(x) 在 x=0x = 0 处可导,只需使 lim⁡x→0f(x)−f(0)x\lim\limits_{x \to 0} \dfrac {f(x) - f(0)} {x} 存在。

    lim⁡x→0f(x)−f(0)x=lim⁡x→0∣x∣μsin⁡1xx \lim_{x \to 0} \frac {f(x) - f(0)} {x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac {|x|^\mu \sin \frac 1 x} {x}

    当且仅当 μ>1\mu > 1 时,上式 =0= 0.

    (3) 解:当 x>0x > 0 时,f′(x)=μxμ−1sin⁡1x−xμ−2cos⁡1x=xμ−2(μxsin⁡1x−cos⁡1x)f'(x) = \mu x^{\mu - 1} \sin \dfrac 1 x - x^{\mu - 2} \cos \dfrac 1 x = x^{\mu - 2} (\mu x \sin \dfrac 1 x - \cos \dfrac 1 x).
    由 (2) 可得,f′(0)=0f'(0) = 0
    当且仅当 μ>2\mu > 2 时,lim⁡x→0f′(x)=f′(0)=0\lim\limits_{x \to 0} f'(x) = f'(0) = 0,函数 f′(x)f'(x) 在 x=0x = 0 处连续。
    复合函数求导求错了